In order to make the structure strength of the bogie frame meet the requirements of the standard in the design stage, the finite element method and the optimization design theory were combined to optimize the structure design. Firstly, the finite element model of the B-type bogie frame was established, and its structural strength was analyzed according to the UIC 515-4 and EN 13749 standards to determine the operating conditions and locations that do not meet the standard requirements. Secondly, using APDL language to parameterize the model, based on Workbench’s optimization design module, genetic algorithm was used to optimize the structure, and the optimized new structure was obtained, and the structure strength was analyzed. Finally, the architecture was tested according to the TB/T 2368—2005 standard and compared with the optimized analysis results. The results showed that the optimized static strength and fatigue strength met the standard requirements and were consistent with the experimental results, indicating that the bogie frame met the strength design requirements. At the same time, the method was more efficient and more accurate than the optimal design based on experience, which could provide reference for the optimization design of other rail vehicle structures.