Vibration and temperature are important environmental factors that affect the reliability of on-board equipment.The long-distance line operation test of Qingdao-Urumqi was carried out on traction converter of an EMUs in extremely-cold circumstance, actual operating vibration and temperature data of the converter cabinet and key components were obtained. The traction converters under different vehicle speeds and line conditions were studied, the vibration and temperature characteristics of key components compared with the IEC 61373 standard, to understand the actual operating environment characteristics of the traction converter. On this basis, the vibration circuit load spectra of traction converter cabinet and key components were obtained by statistical induction technology of random vibration data, which provided reference for product reliability research and optimization.