Study on influence of main components of serialized China standard metro train on vehicle fire heat release rate

SUN Yong; TIAN Xin; LIU Yantong; MU Zhicheng

doi:10.13890/j.issn.1000-128X.2022.02.003

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Study on influence of main components of serialized China standard metro train on vehicle fire heat release rate

Vehicle Safety and Comfort | Updated：2024-08-02

- Study on influence of main components of serialized China standard metro train on vehicle fire heat release rate
- role： Corresponding author , First author , 通讯作者 , 第一作者 ,
  
  Affiliation：
  CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd., Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
  
  Email： sunyong1@crrcgc.cc
  
  Introduction：孙　勇(1981—)，男，硕士，教授级高级工程师，主要从事轨道车辆防火设计、防火试验、防火仿真计算技术研究； E-mail：sunyong1@crrcgc.cc
  
  No information about the author is available
  SUN Yong
  1 ,
  role：
  
  Affiliation：
  CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd., Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
  
  Email：
  
  No information about the author is available
  TIAN Xin
  1 ,
  role：
  
  Affiliation：
  CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd., Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
  
  Email：
  
  No information about the author is available
  LIU Yantong
  1 ,
  role：
  
  Affiliation：
  CRRC Dalian Co., Ltd., Dalian, Liaoning 116000, China
  
  Email：
  
  No information about the author is available
  MU Zhicheng
  2 ,
  role：
  
  Affiliation：
  Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
  
  Email：
  
  No information about the author is available
  毕海权
  3 ,
- Electric drive for locomotives Issue 2, Pages: 15-20(2022)
- Affiliations：
  
  1.CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles Co., Ltd., Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
  2.CRRC Dalian Co., Ltd., Dalian, Liaoning 116000, China
  3.Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, China
- Author bio：
- Funds：
- DOI：10.13890/j.issn.1000-128X.2022.02.003
  CLC： U231⁺.96
- Published：10 March 2022，
  
  Received：11 February 2022，
- Accepted：
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SUN Yong, TIAN Xin, LIU Yantong, et al. Study on influence of main components of serialized China standard metro train on vehicle fire heat release rate. [J]. Electric drive for locomotives (2):15-20(2022)
DOI：

SUN Yong, TIAN Xin, LIU Yantong, et al. Study on influence of main components of serialized China standard metro train on vehicle fire heat release rate. [J]. Electric drive for locomotives (2):15-20(2022) DOI： 10.13890/j.issn.1000-128X.2022.02.003.

Abstract

With the development of society and economy, subway vehicles have also become an important infrastructure of modern transportation in China. The heat release rate is an important parameter in the fire protection design, fire safety assessment and tunnel ventilation system design of rail transit vehicles. However, the existing research on the fire combustion characteristics of subway trains cannot reflect the influence of the main components in the vehicle on the fire heat release rate. In order to effectively provide guidance for subway train structure and fire protection design, a numerical calculation model of vehicle fire was established based on the actual structure of serialized Chinese standard metro trains and the combustion characteristic parameters of non-metallic combustible materials in the vehicle were measured by material combustion experiments. Numerical calculation method was used to calculate the fire spread process in the car when the main components of the car were made of materials with different combustion characteristics, and the effects of the four main components of the roof, side walls, seats and floor on the fire heat release rate of the car were compared and analyzed. The research shows that the influence of the main components in the subway car on the heat release rate is related to the order of fire spread and the spatial position of the components, and the influence degree is the roof, side wall, seat and floor.

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Keywords

China standard metro train; fire protection design; heat release rate; train components; combustion characteristics; numerical calculation; numerical simulation

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0 引言

随着我国交通基础设施的不断完善，地铁已成为国内大中型城市的主要公共交通工具。由于地铁列车大多在隧道内运行，并且车厢内人员密度高，一旦发生火灾就很可能造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失。据统计^[

1-6]，在地铁火灾事故中，地铁列车着火占据相当大的比例，而热释放速率是描述地铁列车火灾过程的重要参数，因此对地铁车辆火灾热释放速率进行研究具有重要现实意义。地铁列车内部有大量可燃物，例如橡胶地板布、侧墙板、顶板、门窗密封胶条、座椅等，但不同部件对列车火灾热释放速率的贡献率不同。通过研究地铁车辆主要部件对火灾热释放速率的影响，分析各可燃材料在列车起火时的危险性，可以指导阻燃材料选择和防火结构设计，为我国地铁列车防火性能标准建立和列车消防安全性评估提供参考^{[Reference 7-12

7-12]}。

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通过数值模拟方法，基于实际车辆内部装饰材料的燃烧特性，利用火灾动力学软件Fire Dynamics Simulator（FDS）构建全尺寸地铁车辆数值计算模型，并对车辆火灾进行数值模拟，以此研究地铁车辆主要部件对火灾热释放速率的影响。

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1 地铁车辆火灾计算模型建立

1.1 几何模型

本文以系列化标准地铁车辆为模拟对象，车辆尺寸为21.88 m×3.08 m×2.76 m，座椅采用纵向靠墙布置，每侧各设置5个车门和4个车窗。系列化标准地铁列车平面图如图1所示，数值计算模型如图2所示。

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图1 系列化标准地铁列车平面图

Fig. 1 Serialized standard subway train plan

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图2 系列化标准地铁列车数值计算模型

Fig. 2 Serialized standard metro train numerical calculation model

1.2 试验火源设置

根据国内外各学者对汽油规格、流淌面积和热释放速率关系的研究结果，为使地铁车辆充分燃烧，最终确定试验火源为人为纵火方式汽油燃烧，火源功率为1.4 MW^[

13]。火源热释放速率曲线选取t²模型^{[Reference 14

Baidu Scholar

14]}，并且火灾增长速率设置为超快增长型火，火灾增长系数值取0.187 6。图3为火源位置示意图。

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图3 火源位置示意图

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of fire source location

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1.3 计算域与网格划分

列车在燃烧过程中，车厢内热烟气会与车厢周围新鲜空气相互交换，因此计算区域是影响列车火灾数值计算的一个重要因素。为了保证数值计算的稳定性和计算结果的准确性，本次模拟的计算区域将着火车厢所在隧道空间前后各延长20 m，具体设置如图4所示。

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图4 计算区域设置

Fig. 4 Computing domain settings

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火灾特征直径的估计公式^[

15]为

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D^{*} = {(\frac{Q}{ρ_{\infty} c_{p} T_{\infty} \sqrt[]{g}})}^{\frac{2}{5}}

(1)

式中：D^*为火源特征直径； $Q$ 为火灾热释放速率； $ρ_{\infty}$ 为环境密度； $T_{\infty}$ 为环境温度； $c_{p}$ 为定压比热；g为重力加速度。

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为了保证数值计算结果的准确性，最终确定着火车厢计算区域网格尺寸为0.08 m×0.08 m×0.08 m，非着火车厢计算区域网格尺寸为0.16 m×0.16 m×0.16 m。

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1.4 初始条件及边界条件

研究模拟列车停靠在隧道内燃烧，初始温度为20 ℃，压力为1个标准大气压。车身四周采用Inert边界，前后为Open边界。图5为边界条件设置情况示意。

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图5 边界条件示意图

Fig. 5 Schematic diagram of boundary conditions

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1.5 计算工况设置

由于FDS中提供了2种模拟固体材料燃烧过程的方法——热解反应法和单位面积热释放（HRRPUA）法。热解反应法采用Arrhenius模型模拟材料热解反应，需要利用热重分析仪对各种可燃材料进行测试，工作量大和复杂程度高。HRRPUA法需要利用锥形量热仪测得材料单位面积热释放速率曲线、产烟量、CO产量等相关数据，相对简单，应用更普遍，目前国内外常采用该方法进行火灾数值计算。本文采用HRRPUA法模拟固体材料燃烧过程，在模型建立过程中主要考虑顶板、侧墙、地板、座椅等主要可燃表面，忽略面积较小、对客室火灾发展影响较小的可燃表面。数值模拟所需的材料单位面积热释放速率由锥形量热仪测试得到。计算工况设计如表1所示。

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表1 计算工况

Table1 Calculation conditions

材料设置说明	替换材料的峰值热释放速率/(kW·m^-2)
标准工况
顶板材料1	254.8
顶板材料2	172.6
侧墙材料1	165.0
侧墙材料2	83.3
地板材料1	139.0
地板材料2	86.3
座椅材料1	109.0

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2 主要部件对火灾热释放速率的影响研究

2.1 顶板影响分析

内顶板是地铁车辆的主要内部装饰材料。本文选取了3种常见的地铁内顶板材料进行模拟计算，分别命名为标准顶板材料、顶板材料1和顶板材料2。3种材料的热释放速率（HRR）曲线如图6所示，标准顶板材料、顶板材料1和顶板材料2的热释放速率峰值分别为325 kW/m²、254.8 kW/m²和172.6 kW/m²。该组对比工况仅改变顶板材料，车辆其余内部装饰材料不变。

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图6 不同顶板材料热释放速率曲线

Fig. 6 Heat release rate curve of different roof materials

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图7为采用3种不同顶板材料的列车火灾热释放速率曲线对比图。工况1为采用标准内顶板材料的列车火灾热释放速率曲线，峰值热释放速率为18.1 MW；工况2采用顶板材料2，峰值热释放速率为16.1 MW；工况3采用顶板材料3，峰值热释放速率为11.5 MW。达到峰值热释放速率的时间分别为650 s，700 s，1 000 s。由上述计算结果可知，与采用标准顶板材料的工况1对比，工况2与工况3的火灾热释放速率峰值分别降低了11.0%和36.5%，达到峰值的时间分别延长了50 s和350 s。

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图7 不同顶板材料下的列车火灾热释放速率

Fig.7 Heat release rate of train fire under different roof materials

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采用不同顶板材料的列车火灾热释放增长率如图8所示，3种工况下最大热释放速率增长率分别为207 kW/s、180 kW/s和50 kW/s。

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图8 不同顶板材料下的列车火灾热释放速率增长率

Fig. 8 Growth rate of heat release rate of train fires under different roof materials

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车厢顶板温度是衡量车内火灾蔓延过程的重要指标，图9为采用3种不同材料时的车厢顶板温度分布情况。结果表明，在车厢内使用单位面积热释放速率低的顶板材料可以显著降低车厢顶板温度，减缓车厢内的火灾蔓延速度。因此，随着内顶板材料的单位面积峰值热释放速率减小，整车的峰值热释放速率降低，使用低热释放速率的顶板材料也可以大幅延长火灾发展到峰值的时间，更加有利于人员疏散和火灾救援。

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图9 不同顶板材料下的车厢顶板温度

Fig. 9 Temperature of car roof under different roof materials

2.2 侧墙影响分析

侧墙板是地铁车辆侧墙的主要部件。本文选取了3种常见的地铁车辆侧墙材料，分别命名为标准侧墙材料、侧墙材料1和侧墙材料2。3种材料的热释放速率曲线如图10所示，标准侧墙材料、侧墙材料1和侧墙材料2的热释放速率峰值分别为218 kW/m²、165 kW/m²和83.3 kW/m²。该组对比工况仅改变侧墙材料，车辆的其余内部装饰材料不变。

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图10 不同侧墙材料热释放速率曲线

Fig. 10 Heat release rate curves of different side wall materials

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图11为采用3种不同侧墙材料的列车热释放速率曲线对比图。工况1为标准工况，HRR在约650 s时达到峰值18.1 MW；工况4采用侧墙材料1，HRR在约810 s时达到峰值14.94 MW；工况5采用侧墙材料2，HRR在约890 s时达到峰值13.4 MW。由上述计算结果可知，与采用标准顶板材料的工况1对比，工况4与工况5的火灾热释放速率峰值分别降低了17.5%和26.0%，达到峰值的时间分别延长了160 s和240 s。

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图11 不同侧墙材料下的列车火灾热释放速率

Fig. 11 Heat release rate of train fires under different side wall materials

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2.3 地板影响分析

地板是地铁车厢内部面积最大的内部装饰材料。本文选取了3种常见的地板材料，分别为标准地板材料、地板材料1和地板材料2。3种材料的热释放速率曲线如图12所示，标准地板材料、地板材料1和地板材料2的热释放速率峰值分别为221 kW/m²、139 kW/m²和86.3 kW/m²。该组对比工况仅改变地板材料，车辆的其余内部装饰材料不变。

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图12 不同地板材料热释放速率曲线

Fig. 12 Heat release rate curves of different floor materials

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图13为不同地板材料工况与标准工况的热释放速率曲线对比。工况1为标准工况，HRR在约650 s时达到峰值18.1 MW；工况6采用地板材料1，HRR在约730 s时达到峰值18 MW；工况7采用地板材料2，HRR在约745 s时达到峰值17.9 MW。由上述计算结果可知，与采用标准地板材料的工况1对比，工况6与工况7的火灾热释放速率峰值分别降低了0.6%和1.1%，达到峰值的时间分别延长了80 s和95 s。

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图13 不同地板材料下的列车火灾热释放速率

Fig. 13 Heat release rate of train fire under different floor materials

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2.4 座椅影响分析

对于座椅材料，本文共选取了2种常见材料，分别为标准座椅材料和座椅材料1。2种材料的热释放速率曲线如图14所示，热释放速率峰值分别为146 kW/m²和109 kW/m²。该组对比工况仅改变座椅材料，车辆的其余内部装饰材料不变。

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图14 不同座椅材料热释放速率曲线

Fig. 14 Heat release rate curves of different seat materials

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图15为不同座椅材料工况下与标准工况下的热释放速率曲线对比。工况1为标准工况，HRR在约650 s时达到峰值18.1 MW；工况8采用座椅材料1，HRR在约800 s时达到峰值17.1 MW；由上述计算结果可知，与采用标准座椅材料的工况1对比，工况8的火灾热释放速率峰值降低了5.5%，达到峰值的时间延长了150 s。

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图15 不同座椅材料下的列车火灾热释放速率

Fig. 15 Heat release rate of train fire under different seat materials

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2.5 主要部件影响对比分析

通过对不同部件在系列化标准地铁车厢火灾中的蔓延过程进行分析可知：燃烧产生的热烟气在浮升力的作用下上升并在顶板下方堆积，顶板温度快速升高，随后被点燃；随着热烟气的逐渐堆积下沉，火焰蔓延至侧墙板。顶板处的高温烟气沿列车纵向蔓延时逐步引燃顶板的其余部分，待顶板被完全引燃后，座椅和地板的温度在顶板热辐射作用下开始上升，而座椅离顶板更近，温度升高更快，因此先于地板被点燃。

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通过以上数值计算结果的对比分析可得，顶板和侧墙对地铁车辆火灾热释放速率的贡献大于地板和座椅，其中地板的影响最小。当顶板的热释放速率峰值降低为原来的78.4%时，总热释放速率下降了11%；当侧墙热释放速率降低为原来的75.7%时，总热释放速率下降了17.5%。但是当顶板的热释放速率峰值降为原来的52.9%时，总热释放速率下降了36.5%；而侧墙的峰值热释放速率降低为原来的38.2%时，总热释放率下降了26.0%。综合上述分析可得，当进一步降低顶板材料的热释放速率峰值时，火灾总热释放速率的下降率明显大于侧墙材料，且有效延迟了到达峰值的时间。因此，主要部件材料的影响程度由大到小分别为顶板、侧墙、座椅和地板。

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3 结论

通过数值计算的方法，对系列化标准地铁主要部件使用不同材料时的火灾发展过程进行了对比，通过分析可得出以下结论：

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①通过对不同部件在系列化标准地铁车厢火灾中的燃烧特性影响分析可知：地铁列车车厢主要部件对火灾热释放速率的影响程度由大到小依次为顶板、侧墙、座椅、地板。

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②在火灾发展过程中，由于热烟气的浮升力作用，顶板最先被点燃，随后侧墙被引燃，座椅和地板在顶板的热辐射作用下最后才被点燃，因此顶板材料的燃烧特性是车厢火灾发展蔓延过程的关键。

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③通过对地铁车厢火灾蔓延过程的分析可知，地铁车厢内主要部件对热释放速率的影响程度与火灾蔓延顺序有关，车厢内空间位置高的部件对热释放速率的影响更大。

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系列化标准地铁列车火灾是一个非常复杂的燃烧过程，火灾蔓延过程受诸多因素的影响，本文的研究结果仅基于车厢内的火灾场景，分析车内主要部件对火灾热释放速率的影响，研究成果可为系列化标准地铁列车防火设计和火险防控提供依据。

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参考文献

黄文昕, 路世昌, 王东方, 等. 地铁列车车厢火灾热释放速率研究[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2019, 38(11): 1526-1529. [Baidu Scholar]

HUANG Wenxin, LU Shichang, WANG Dongfang, et al. Study on subway train compartment fire heat release rate[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2019, 38(11): 1526-1529. [Baidu Scholar]

刘方吉, 毕海权, 高慧翔, 等. 运行速度对高速列车火灾热释放速率的影响[J]. 制冷与空调, 2021, 35(5): 690-694. [Baidu Scholar]

LIU Fangji, BI Haiquan, GAO Huixiang, et al. Influence of running speed on the fire heat release rate of high-speed train[J]. Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, 2021, 35(5): 690-694. [Baidu Scholar]

蒋尧, 周远龙, 胡炜, 等. 防护门处风速对铁路隧道紧急救援站火灾烟气的影响[J]. 高速铁路技术, 2020, 11(4): 49-54. [Baidu Scholar]

JIANG Yao, ZHOU Yuanlong, HU Wei, et al. Influence of wind speed at screen door on fire smoke of railway tunnel emergency rescue station[J]. High Speed Railway Technology, 2020, 11(4): 49-54. [Baidu Scholar]

苟琦林, 毕海权, 李盎. 基于FDS的行李架对高速列车客室火灾影响的研究[J]. 制冷与空调, 2019, 33(2): 103-107. [Baidu Scholar]

GOU Qilin, BI Haiquan, LI Ang. Study on the influence of luggage rack on passenger compartment fire in high speed train based on FDS[J]. Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, 2019, 33(2): 103-107. [Baidu Scholar]

陈霖, 毕海权, 刘小霞, 等. 地铁隧道火灾临界风速数值模拟分析[J]. 制冷与空调, 2017, 31(3): 245-248. [Baidu Scholar]

CHEN Lin, BI Haiquan, LIU Xiaoxia, et al. Numerical simulation study on critical velocity in subway tunnel fire[J]. Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, 2017, 31(3): 245-248. [Baidu Scholar]

朱中杰, 毕海权, 罗开强, 等. 地铁列车火灾轰然时热释放速率计算[J]. 制冷与空调, 2017, 31(4): 355-358. [Baidu Scholar]

ZHU Zhongjie, BI Haiquan, LUO Kaiqiang, et al. The flashover heat release rate calculation of metro fire[J]. Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, 2017, 31(4): 355-358. [Baidu Scholar]

昝文鑫, 朱国庆. 通风因子对火灾热释放速率影响的数值模拟[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2014, 33(8): 853-856. [Baidu Scholar]

ZAN Wenxin, ZHU Guoqing. Numerical simulation of ventilation factor on the impact of the fire heat release rate[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2014, 33(8): 853-856. [Baidu Scholar]

田鑫, 苏燕辰, 李冬, 等. 地铁车站火灾疏散仿真分析[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2017, 17(16): 333-337. [Baidu Scholar]

TIAN Xin, SU Yanchen, LI Dong, et al. Fire safety evacuation simulation analysis of subway station[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2017, 17(16): 333-337. [Baidu Scholar]

席亚军, 林建辉, 苏燕辰, 等. 地铁车厢火灾蔓延规律及人员疏散安全性研究[J]. 铁道科学与工程学报, 2017, 14(3): 619-625. [Baidu Scholar]

XI Yajun, LIN Jianhui, SU Yanchen, et al. Subway car fire spreading rules and evacuation safety studies[J]. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 2017, 14(3): 619-625. [Baidu Scholar]

王建帆, 苏燕辰. 高速列车材料测试及轰燃研究[J]. 中国测试, 2016, 42(2): 127-131. [Baidu Scholar]

WANG Jianfan, SU Yanchen. Materials testing and flashover research in high-speed trains[J]. China Measurement & Test, 2016, 42(2): 127-131. [Baidu Scholar]

李冬, 苏燕辰, 田鑫, 等. B型地铁列车火灾安全疏散性能研究[J]. 铁道科学与工程学报, 2016, 13(8): 1613-1617. [Baidu Scholar]

LI Dong, SU Yanchen, TIAN Xin, et al. Research on the evacuation performance of B-type subway train in the condition of fire disaster[J]. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 2016, 13(8): 1613-1617. [Baidu Scholar]

田鑫, 苏燕辰, 席亚军, 等. 地铁列车火灾安全疏散研究[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2016, 16(31): 281-284. [Baidu Scholar]

TIAN Xin, SU Yanchen, XI Yajun, et al. Fire safety evacuation research of subway train[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2016, 16(31): 281-284. [Baidu Scholar]

史聪灵, 钟茂华, 罗燕萍, 等. 地铁车厢汽油火灾的模拟计算与分析[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2006, 16(10): 32-36. [Baidu Scholar]

SHI Congling, ZHONG Maohua, LUO Yanping, et al. Simulating calculation and analysis of gasoline arson fires in metro compartment[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2006, 16(10): 32-36. [Baidu Scholar]

HURLEY M J. SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering[M]. 5th ed. New York: Springer, 2016. [Baidu Scholar]

MCGRATTAN K B, HOSTIKKA S, FLOYD J E, et al. Fire dynamics simulator: user's guide[M]. Gaithersburg: National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST, 2007. [Baidu Scholar]

摘要

随着社会经济发展，地铁车辆已成为我国现代交通的重要基础设施。热释放速率是轨道交通车辆防火设计、火灾安全评估和隧道通风系统设计的重要参数，然而现有地铁列车火灾燃烧特性的研究结果并不能反映出车内主要部件对火灾热释放速率的影响。为了有效地对地铁列车结构和防火设计提供指导，基于系列化中国标准地铁列车实际结构，根据材料燃烧试验测试得到的车内非金属可燃材料的燃烧特性参数，建立车辆火灾的数值计算模型，通过数值计算方法模拟采用不同燃烧特性材料时的车内火灾蔓延过程，对比分析顶板、侧墙、座椅和地板4种车内主要部件对车辆火灾热释放速率的影响。研究表明，地铁车厢内主要部件对热释放速率的影响程度与火灾蔓延顺序、部件空间位置有关，影响程度由大到小依次为顶板、侧墙、座椅、地板。

Abstract

With the development of society and economy

subway vehicles have also become an important infrastructure of modern transportation in China. The heat release rate is an important parameter in the fire protection design

fire safety assessment and tunnel ventilation system design of rail transit vehicles. However

the existing research on the fire combustion characteristics of subway trains cannot reflect the influence of the main components in the vehicle on the fire heat release rate. In order to effectively provide guidance for subway train structure and fire protection design

a numerical calculation model of vehicle fire was established based on the actual structure of serialized Chinese standard metro trains and the combustion characteristic parameters of non-metallic combustible materials in the vehicle were measured by material combustion experiments. Numerical calculation method was used to calculate the fire spread process in the car when the main components of the car were made of materials with different combustion characteristics

and the effects of the four main components of the roof

side walls

seats and floor on the fire heat release rate of the car were compared and analyzed. The research shows that the influence of the main components in the subway car on the heat release rate is related to the order of fire spread and the spatial position of the components

and the influence degree is the roof

side wall

seat and floor.

关键词

中国标准地铁防火设计热释放速率列车部件燃烧特性数值计算数值模拟

Keywords

China standard metro trainfire protection designheat release ratetrain componentscombustion characteristicsnumerical calculationnumerical simulation

references

黄文昕, 路世昌, 王东方, 等. 地铁列车车厢火灾热释放速率研究[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2019, 38(11): 1526-1529.

HUANG Wenxin, LU Shichang, WANG Dongfang, et al. Study on subway train compartment fire heat release rate[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2019, 38(11): 1526-1529.

刘方吉, 毕海权, 高慧翔, 等. 运行速度对高速列车火灾热释放速率的影响[J]. 制冷与空调, 2021, 35(5): 690-694.

LIU Fangji, BI Haiquan, GAO Huixiang, et al. Influence of running speed on the fire heat release rate of high-speed train[J]. Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, 2021, 35(5): 690-694.

蒋尧, 周远龙, 胡炜, 等. 防护门处风速对铁路隧道紧急救援站火灾烟气的影响[J]. 高速铁路技术, 2020, 11(4): 49-54.

JIANG Yao, ZHOU Yuanlong, HU Wei, et al. Influence of wind speed at screen door on fire smoke of railway tunnel emergency rescue station[J]. High Speed Railway Technology, 2020, 11(4): 49-54.

苟琦林, 毕海权, 李盎. 基于FDS的行李架对高速列车客室火灾影响的研究[J]. 制冷与空调, 2019, 33(2): 103-107.

GOU Qilin, BI Haiquan, LI Ang. Study on the influence of luggage rack on passenger compartment fire in high speed train based on FDS[J]. Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, 2019, 33(2): 103-107.

陈霖, 毕海权, 刘小霞, 等. 地铁隧道火灾临界风速数值模拟分析[J]. 制冷与空调, 2017, 31(3): 245-248.

CHEN Lin, BI Haiquan, LIU Xiaoxia, et al. Numerical simulation study on critical velocity in subway tunnel fire[J]. Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, 2017, 31(3): 245-248.

朱中杰, 毕海权, 罗开强, 等. 地铁列车火灾轰然时热释放速率计算[J]. 制冷与空调, 2017, 31(4): 355-358.

ZHU Zhongjie, BI Haiquan, LUO Kaiqiang, et al. The flashover heat release rate calculation of metro fire[J]. Refrigeration & Air Conditioning, 2017, 31(4): 355-358.

昝文鑫, 朱国庆. 通风因子对火灾热释放速率影响的数值模拟[J]. 消防科学与技术, 2014, 33(8): 853-856.

ZAN Wenxin, ZHU Guoqing. Numerical simulation of ventilation factor on the impact of the fire heat release rate[J]. Fire Science and Technology, 2014, 33(8): 853-856.

田鑫, 苏燕辰, 李冬, 等. 地铁车站火灾疏散仿真分析[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2017, 17(16): 333-337.

TIAN Xin, SU Yanchen, LI Dong, et al. Fire safety evacuation simulation analysis of subway station[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2017, 17(16): 333-337.

席亚军, 林建辉, 苏燕辰, 等. 地铁车厢火灾蔓延规律及人员疏散安全性研究[J]. 铁道科学与工程学报, 2017, 14(3): 619-625.

XI Yajun, LIN Jianhui, SU Yanchen, et al. Subway car fire spreading rules and evacuation safety studies[J]. Journal of Railway Science and Engineering, 2017, 14(3): 619-625.

王建帆, 苏燕辰. 高速列车材料测试及轰燃研究[J]. 中国测试, 2016, 42(2): 127-131.

WANG Jianfan, SU Yanchen. Materials testing and flashover research in high-speed trains[J]. China Measurement & Test, 2016, 42(2): 127-131.

李冬, 苏燕辰, 田鑫, 等. B型地铁列车火灾安全疏散性能研究[J]. 铁道科学与工程学报, 2016, 13(8): 1613-1617.

田鑫, 苏燕辰, 席亚军, 等. 地铁列车火灾安全疏散研究[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2016, 16(31): 281-284.

TIAN Xin, SU Yanchen, XI Yajun, et al. Fire safety evacuation research of subway train[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2016, 16(31): 281-284.

史聪灵, 钟茂华, 罗燕萍, 等. 地铁车厢汽油火灾的模拟计算与分析[J]. 中国安全科学学报, 2006, 16(10): 32-36.

SHI Congling, ZHONG Maohua, LUO Yanping, et al. Simulating calculation and analysis of gasoline arson fires in metro compartment[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2006, 16(10): 32-36.

HURLEY M J. SFPE handbook of fire protection engineering[M]. 5th ed. New York: Springer, 2016.

MCGRATTAN K B, HOSTIKKA S, FLOYD J E, et al. Fire dynamics simulator: user's guide[M]. Gaithersburg: National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST, 2007.

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